Iterambere ryamavuta yo mu nyanja kwisi yose

Mu karere kanini k'ubururu, inyanja ntabwo ari uruzitiro rw'ubuzima gusa, ahubwo ni n'umuyoboro w'ingenzi mu gutwara abantu ku bukungu n'ingufu ku isi. Hamwe n’ubwiyongere bukabije bw’ingufu zikenewe ku isi, cyane cyane aho amavuta adasimburwa nkamaraso yinganda, iterambere ryamavuta yo mu nyanja, nkibikoresho byingenzi bihuza gucukura peteroli yo mu nyanja, ubwikorezi no gutunganya ubutaka, ntabwo byabonye gusa iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga ry’abantu. , ariko kandi byagize ingaruka zikomeye ku mpinduka zuburyo bwisi. Iyi ngingo igamije gucukumbura inzira yiterambere, guhanga udushya mu ikoranabuhanga, imbogamizi hamwe nigihe kizaza cya peteroli yo mu nyanja ku isi.

1. Ubwihindurize bwamateka ya peteroli yo mumazi

Amateka yaamavuta yo mu nyanjairashobora guhera mu kinyejana cya 20 rwagati. Muri kiriya gihe, hamwe n’iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga ryimbitse rya peteroli yo mu nyanja, amashanyarazi gakondo ntagishoboye kongera gukenera ibidukikije bigoye kandi bihinduka. Kubera iyo mpamvu, byoroheje, birwanya ruswa, byoroshye kurambika no kubungabunga hose byaje kubaho kandi byihuse bihinduka igice cyingirakamaro mu iterambere ry’amavuta yo mu nyanja na gaze. Mu mizo ya mbere, ayo mazu yakoreshwaga cyane cyane mu mazi magari, ariko hamwe n’iterambere ry’ibikoresho bya siyansi no kunoza imikorere y’inganda, bagenda binjira buhoro buhoro mu nyanja ibihumbi n’ibihumbi byimbitse maze bahinduka “umurongo w’ubuzima” uhuza amariba y’amavuta yo mu mazi hamwe n’ububiko bw’ibicuruzwa bireremba hejuru. no gupakurura ibice (FPSO) cyangwa ubutaka.

2. Guhanga udushya no guhanga udushya

Ihiganwa ryibanze ryaamavuta yo mu nyanjakubeshya muguhitamo kwabo no guhanga udushya. Amabati yo hambere yakoreshaga reberi cyangwa reberi yubukorikori nkimbere yimbere kugirango irwanye kwangirika no kwambara ibikomoka kuri peteroli. Nyamara, hamwe n’ibidukikije bigenda bikoreshwa cyane, cyane cyane ibihe bikabije nkumuvuduko ukabije w’inyanja, ubushyuhe buke, hamwe n’umunyu mwinshi, ibikoresho gakondo ntibishobora kuba bikenewe. Kubwibyo, urukurikirane rwibikoresho bishya bya polymer nka polyurethane, fluororubber, elastomers ya thermoplastique, nibindi byatangijwe. Ibi bikoresho ntabwo bifite gusa imbaraga zo kurwanya ruswa, kwambara no kurwanya gusaza, ariko kandi birashobora kugumana imiterere ihamye yubushyuhe bukabije.

Muri icyo gihe, kugirango hongerwe imbaraga zo kwihanganira umuvuduko no kurwanya umunaniro wa hose, igishushanyo mbonera cyimiterere myinshi cyahindutse inzira nyamukuru. Igishushanyo gitunganya ibikoresho bifite imitungo itandukanye murwego rwihariye rwo gukora imiterere-yuburyo bwinshi. Buri cyiciro gifite umurimo wihariye, nkurugero rwimbere rushinzwe gutandukanya ibicuruzwa bya peteroli, urwego rukomeza rutanga imbaraga, kandi icyuma cyo hanze kirinda hose isuri nibidukikije byinyanja. Mubyongeyeho, tekinoroji yo guhuza tekinoroji hamwe no gushushanya kashe yazamuye cyane imikorere rusange no kwizerwa bya hose.

3. Ibibazo n'ibisubizo

Nubwo tekinoroji ya peteroli ya marine yateye imbere cyane, iracyafite ibibazo byinshi mubikorwa bifatika. Mbere ya byose, ibintu bigoye kandi bihindagurika byibidukikije byinyanja birasaba cyane cyane igishushanyo mbonera, gukora no gushiraho ama hose. Nigute ushobora kwemeza imikorere maremare kandi ihamye ya hose mugihe gikabije nikibazo gikomeye abashakashatsi bakeneye gutsinda. Icya kabiri, hamwe no kongera ubumenyi bwibidukikije, ibisabwa byashyizwe hejuru kubidukikije byangiza ibidukikije, kubisubiramo no kubora ibinyabuzima bya hose. Kubwibyo, iterambere ryibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije byahindutse icyerekezo cyiterambere.

Mu rwego rwo gukemura ibyo bibazo, inganda zafashe ingamba zitandukanye. Ku ruhande rumwe, bishimangira ubufatanye mpuzamahanga no kungurana ibitekerezo, gusangira ibyagezweho mu ikoranabuhanga n'amasomo twize, kandi biteza imbere gushyiraho no kunoza ibipimo nganda; kurundi ruhande, byongera ishoramari R&D, bikomeza gushakisha ikoreshwa ryibikoresho bishya, inzira nshya nubuhanga bushya, kandi bikazamura imikorere muri rusange no guhatanira amasoko. Muri icyo gihe, yibanda ku guhuza ibitekerezo byo kurengera ibidukikije kandi bigateza imbere icyatsi kibisi cyibicuruzwa.

IV. Iterambere ry'ejo hazaza

Urebye imbere, iterambere ryaamavuta yo mu nyanjaizerekana inzira zikurikira: Icya mbere, izatera imbere mumazi yimbitse kandi ya kure. Hamwe nogukomeza kwimbitse kwamavuta yinyanja na gazi gushakisha no guteza imbere, tekinoroji ya hose izakomeza kuzamurwa kugirango huzuzwe ibisabwa bikenewe; icya kabiri, urwego rwubwenge na digitale bizanozwa, kandi binyuze muguhuza ibyuma bifata ibyuma, interineti yibintu nubundi buryo bwikoranabuhanga, kugenzura igihe nyacyo no kuburira hakiri kare ubwenge bwimikorere ya hose bizagerwaho; icya gatatu, ikoreshwa ryinshi ryibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije bizateza imbere iterambere ryibicuruzwa bya hose mubyatsi kandi birambye; icya kane, umusaruro usanzwe kandi modular bizamura igishushanyo mbonera, gukora no gushiraho imikorere ya hose kandi bigabanye ibiciro.

Nka kimwe mu bikoresho byingenzi bigamije iterambere ry’ibikomoka kuri peteroli na gaze mu nyanja, amateka y’iterambere ry’amavuta ya peteroli yo mu nyanja ntabwo yiboneye gusa iterambere ry’ubumenyi n’ikoranabuhanga ry’abantu ndetse n’ubushobozi butagira akagero bw’imyuka mishya, ahubwo yanatangaje igice gishya muri gukoresha ejo hazaza ingufu zo mu nyanja. Hamwe n’iterambere ryihuse ry’imihindagurikire y’ingufu ku isi ndetse n’iterambere rikomeye ry’ubukungu bw’inyanja, amavuta yo mu nyanja nta gushidikanya ko azana umwanya mugari w’iterambere n’amahirwe atagira imipaka.

Nkumwe mubakora inganda zingenzi kwisimarine marine hose, Zebungizakomeza gukora cyane kugirango itange ibicuruzwa byiza kandi itange uburambe bwabakoresha kubakiriya bisi.